National Coral Reef Monitoring Program

Climate Monitoring Brief: Puerto Rico

Orbicella faveolata in St. Croix, USVI

Orbicella faveolata in St. Croix, USVI


Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory Coral Program
University of Miami Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science
National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration


N. Besemer, A. Palacio, A. Webb, G. Kolodziej, T.Gill, I. Enochs - XX 2023

About this summary brief

The NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) conducts the long-term National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) to track the status and trends of coral reef ecosystems of the U.S. Atlantic and Caribbean coral reef jurisdictions. This summary brief provides an overview of the most recent survey efforts to Puerto Rico.

Expedition summary

Data collection

Table 1: Number of temperature observations collected by transect and depth
Location 1m 5m 15m 25m Total
Arecibo 105,139 557,457 298,970 568,609 1,530,175
Culebra 238,140 211,204 331,928 306,518 1,087,790
Jobos Bay 605,123 316,687 622,946 512,922 2,057,678
La Parguera 622,965 513,059 362,198 404,737 1,902,959
Rincon 453,283 286,086 270,786 384,289 1,394,444
Fajardo NA 479,577 178,362 575,034 1,232,973 
## [1] "pH = 205 observatons"
## [1] "Current = 205 observatons"
## [1] "Light = 202 observatons"



Figure 1: Study sites and depths in Puerto Rico.

Subsurface temperature

The temperatures that marine organisms experience are a function of local oceanographic conditions and vary with depth. To monitor subsurface temperature, six transects were established around the island. Each transect consists of STRs at four depths (1, 5, 15, 25m; Fig.2). Two years of temperature measurements were retrieved and processed from the 24 sites. Temperature was measured using SeaBird Electronics Subsurface Temperature Recorders (STR)s that collected data at 5-minute intervals. The COVID - 19 pandemic delayed collection in 2020 and local contractors were hired to swap the instruments as travel was not allowed. Some gaps exist in the data as not all instruments survived the extended deployment time. The entire record from 2017 to 2023 is shown to aid with comparison.

Figure 2: Temperature conditions at six locations in Puerto Rico (Rincon, Arecibo, Jobos Bay, La Parguera, Culebra, Fajardo) representing a depth gradient (1m, 5m, 15m and 25m). Data were collected from XX 2017 to May 2023 However, the COVID 19 pandemic caused a significant delay in collection of these instruments. Contractors were hired to complete the work in 2021 as travel was not allowed. Some instruments survived the entire deployment but others have not.

Mean temperature values were similar among the locations and depths. The lowest temperatures generally occurred in February (mean: 26.5\(^\circ\)C, min: 24.7\(^\circ\)C, max: 28.5\(^\circ\)C) and the highest temperatures in September (mean: 29.4\(^\circ\)C, min: 25.4\(^\circ\)C, max: 32.2\(^\circ\)C). explain more gaps and issues here?

Diurnal suite deployment

Seawater carbonate chemistry can fluctuate diurnally, due to biological forcing processes such as photosynthesis andrespiration, as well as calcification and dissolution. Tocharacterize this, discrete water samples (Fig. 3) were collected at three-hour intervals (n=15) using SubsurfaceAutomatic Samplers (SAS, www.coral.noaa.gov/accrete/sas).

These samples will be analyzed for Total Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), and SpectrophotometricpH (SpecpH), which will be used to calculate pCO2 and aragonite saturation state (ΩAragonite). A suite of instrumentswas deployed for a 72-hour period at the East Bank 20m site. A SeaFET was used to log pH, an EcoPAR measured Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), and a Lowell Tiltmeter measured current speed and direction. Each collected measurements at 15-minute intervals (Fig. 2).

Figure 3: Data from La Parguera diurnal suite monitoring from May 21st to May 23rd. Top panel: pH and temperature fromSeaFET. Bottom panel: Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) and current speed from EcoPAR and Tiltmeter. Shading denotes nighttime throughout sequence of the plot. Instruments measured parameters every 15 minutes.

Figure 4: Submered Automated Samplers (SAS) deployed to collect water samples every 3 hours

Figure 4: Submered Automated Samplers (SAS) deployed to collect water samples every 3 hours

Habitat persistance

  • Carbonate budget assessments use transect-based surveys to quantify the abundance of carbonate producers (e.g., Corals and Crustose coralline algae), and carbonate bioeroders, (e.g., parrotfish and sea urchins). Abundances are multiplied by taxon-specific rates of carbonate alteration to determine if a reef is in a state of net accretion (habitat growth) or net loss (habitat loss) in Fig 5. At La Parguera, six transects were surveys in 2015, 2017 and 2023 to obtain carbonate budgets. These data show stable carbonate production over the monitoring timepoints

Figure 5: Carbonate budgets XX in 2015, 2017 and 2023 and the processes contributing to calcification and bioerosion. Carbonate budgets were stable among the years surveyed, with stable coral production and minimum variatons in bioerosion.

The transect results showed positive carbonate budgets in 2015, 2017 and 2023, which implies that this site supported reef accretion over the past eight years.

  • Calcification Accretion Units (CAUs) and Bioerosion Monitoring Units (BMUs) were collected and redeployed for the next sampling cycle. CAUs are processed by the Pacific Climate group and the data will be available within a year. BMUs will be dried and cleaned using a hydrogen peroxide solution. These samples will be weighed and scanned using a Macro CT scanner and then compared to their pre-scans to quantify bioerosion. Data will be available in a year. Please reference previous data sets for more information.
Figure 6: CAU and BMU pair before retreval after being deployed for 3 years. CAUs are 2 parallel PVC plates to quantify settled accretors. BMU is mounted coral skeleton installed at the base of the metal stake and has been encrusted.

Figure 6: CAU and BMU pair before retreval after being deployed for 3 years. CAUs are 2 parallel PVC plates to quantify settled accretors. BMU is mounted coral skeleton installed at the base of the metal stake and has been encrusted.

About the monitoring program

AOML’s climate monitoring is a key part of the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program of NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP), providing integrated, consistent, and comparable data across U.S. Managed coral reef ecosystems. CRCP monitoring efforts aim to:

Point of Contact

Atlantic Climate team lead:

Principal Investigator:

NCRMP Coordinator:

For more information

Coral Reef Conservation Program: http://coralreef.noaa.gov

NCRMP climate monitoring: https://www.coris.noaa.gov/monitoring/climate.html

NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/

USVI Reef Status Report 2020

National Coral Reef Status Report 2020

Acknowledgements

These efforts were jointly funded by NOAA’s CRCP and OAP. We would like to sincerely thank the National Park Service as well as Caribbean Sea Adventures for supporting our field efforts and assisting monitoring surveys

Our Team

Puerto Rico, 2023 Field team

Puerto Rico, 2023 Field team

AOMLs NCRMP Atlantic and Caribbean Climate Team: I. Enochs, N. Besemer, G. Kolodziej, A.Boyd, M. Jankulak, A. Palacio-Castro, A. Webb, B. Chomitz